For instance, Fusobacterium nucleatum metabolizes tryptophan to produce 3-indolepropionic acid, which enters macrophages and activates the AhR, inducing their polarization toward the M2 (pro-carcinogenic/anti-inflammatory) phenotype (Song et al., 2025)

Features and functions Glutathione is composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine by peptide bonds condensation of three peptide compounds,which is the most important antioxidant stress of low molecular mercaptan in mammalian cells.We discovered it in 1921 and determined the chemical structure in 1930 , the famous American nutrition health experts said Dr Al sensitive del glutathione is three times the efficiency of the anti-aging amino acid, also known as the antioxidant master of nature, the appearance is colorless transparent thin granular crystal, it is soluble in water, dilute alcohol, liquid ammonia, dimethyl formamide,and its insoluble in ethanol, ether, acetone.Its solid character is stable, its aqueous solution is easy oxidized in the air for oxidized glutathione, widely exists in baker's yeast, wheat germ, animal liver, chicken blood, pig blood, tomato, pineapple, cucumber, of which is highest in the wheat germ and liver, content as high as 100~1000 mg/100 g.With antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, detoxification, enhance immunity, anti-aging, anti-cancer, anti radiation damage, and other functions.It also helps white blood cells to kill bacteria and prevent the oxidation of the vitamins C and E, to prevent stroke and cataract formation.In addition, glutathione can bind the carcinogen, than excrete them through the urine in vitro

Important Note: These potential benefits are based primarily on animal data and anecdotal use, not clinical trials in women
However, ROS have also useful cellular functions such as redox signaling (Collins et al., 2014
Ferroptosis is governed by differential regulation of transcription in liver cancer