Clinical research suggested doses in the range of 1-10mcg per kilogram of body weight showed efficacy, though most protocols standardized around 4-6mcg/kg for practical application
All controlled studies referenced below were conducted in cell culture (3T3-L1 adipocytes, primary muscle stem cells) or rodent models (diet-induced obese mice, aged C57BL/6J mice)
It is believed that up to 90% of vegans and vegetarians are deficient in B12 (R, Se and T, 2014), and therefore recommended that they should use supplements to ensure their continued health
Other factors include: Underlying cause of deficiency : Pernicious anaemia, malabsorption disorders, or dietary insufficiency may affect treatment response Medication use : Metformin and proton pump inhibitors can reduce gastrointestinal B12 absorption (though this does not affect the efficacy of intramuscular injections) Individual variation : Differences in how efficiently your body utilises the injected vitamin Adherence to treatment schedule : Missing injections or delaying maintenance doses can slow recovery Discussing these factors with your healthcare provider helps set realistic expectations for your treatment journey
Research from the NCBI explains that those with severe deficiencies or trouble absorbing B12 might need regular doses to keep their levels steady