However, carnitine is a vital metabolite for the heart as it is necessary for the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for beta-oxidation
In addition, OCTN2 protein was detected in exosomes released from HEK293 cells [166], indicating that carnitine and its derivatives may be transported between cells through exosomes, a finding that provides new insights into the role of carnitine and its transporters in exosomes and their functions in intercellular communication and pathological processes
To shed more light on the identity of the substrate of arGSTs, we performed labelling experiments with H 2 18 O, exploiting the same principle of 18 O incorporation as described earlier
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To validate the in vivo relevance of our cell culture observations, we subsequently examined the effects of HFD on hepatic protein-SSG adduct formation, IKK- glutathionylation, and NF-B activation