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Furthermore, decreased bacterial richness has been linked to high carbohydrate 73 and high-fat/low-protein concentrations 74 , as found in the lean and Western diets, respectively, the latter result only in old-aged rats 74
Several technical reasons may explain our distinctive findings, including differences in the microbiome sampling site, the limited n per group, singly housing mice, or the use of highly similar lean, Western, and high-fat diets which systematically exchanged fat content with carbohydrate content
However, IL-16 showed a significant difference only on the 10th dpc, yet the expression level displayed an overall upward trend ( Figure 3C )