doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4330-3 130 JojimaTUchidaKAkimotoKTomotsuneTYanagiKIijimaTet al
Contamination, mis-dosing, and degradation are real practical risks separate from the molecule itself
Store in a cool, dry air tight and dark place to avoid degredation
Zinc Total Iron, Iron Binding Capacity, % Saturation (calculated) Ferritin, serum Uric Acid, Serum Lp-PLA2 Activity Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT)
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease