However, under reducing conditions, the cobalt center is reduced to Co(II) or even Co(I), which are usually denoted as B 12r and B 12s , for reduced and super reduced respectively
Stress from lambing, calving, and high growth stages
Colestipol (Colestid), Cholestyramine (Questran): These resins used for sequestering bile acids in order to decrease cholesterol, can decrease gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of vitamin B12
Importantly, neurological symptoms such as tingling, numbness, or unusual sensations are more commonly associated with B12 deficiency rather than excess
1b n = 4 mice (WT), n = 8 (OSKM colon), n = 6 (OSKM stomach)