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Due to the rapid renal clearance of small peptides like GLP-1, along with its deactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), development of stable peptides, with an increased resistance to DPP4 was required ( The origin of GLP-1 and its physiological pathway was discovered in the 1980s by the decoding of nucleotide sequences of mammalian preproglucagons, the precursors of proglucagon ( When GLP-1 interacts with GLP-1R, this triggers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation and initiates subsequent pathways ( 2 Methodology A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar, with the Boolean search string: (GLP-1 receptor agonist OR GLP-1RA) AND (multifaceted roles OR pleiotropic effects)

Interestingly, double immunostaining with FoxO1 and insulin demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between FoxO1 and insulin (Fig

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