Hence, gut microbiota manipulations could possibly lead to ameliorated traits such as performance, nutrient digestibility and absorption [3], or gut functionality improvement [4]
B12 is notoriously hard to absorb through the gut, especially as you get older or if you have certain digestive issues
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For example, luteolin, a plant-derived flavonoid, downregulates the proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages and inhibits the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid by blocking the nuclear factor B (NF-B) signaling pathway (174)
All experiments were performed following the ARRIVE guidelines ( to report animal experiments