What to monitor: Everything listed above, plus liver function markers if accessible, heart rate (glucagon can modestly increase heart rate), and overall quality of life
In metabolomics studies, differences in the concentration of phenylalanine and its first breakdown product tyrosine are factors that distinguish obese from non-obese human participants (Newgard et al., 2009) or compare insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant individuals (Tai et al., 2010), and are associated with the persistence of childhood obesity (Wu et al., 2024)
N Engl J Med, 375:311-322
DOI: Published online: July 1, 2025 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Corresponding author: Hye Jin Yoo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea E-mail: [email protected] Copyright 2025 Korean Diabetes Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
T4 test : Determines thyroxine (T4) levels in the blood and can help monitor treatment effectiveness for thyroid conditions