In CKD, a decrease in viable nephrons and reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) change the kidneys normal physiology and sodium balance.67 68 Even though an adaptive fractional increase in sodium excretion per individual nephron unit compensates for the reduced number of working nephrons, the kidneys inability to excrete sufficient amounts of sodium results in sodium retention, extracellular fluid expansion, and blood pressure increase.68 69 Likewise, the reninangiotensinaldosterone system is activated in CKD, further exacerbating sodium retention and causing vasoconstriction which could significantly raise blood pressure.69 Sodium retention and its association with blood pressure in CKD are often referred to as sodium-sensitive hypertension.70 Therefore, reducing salt intake is recommended to manage hypertension in patients with CKD.68 The natriuretic and diuretic effect of the ketogenic diet may help alleviate sodium retention and improve systemic and glomerular blood pressure
Incretins (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual/triple agonists) and the liver
It is not a standalone solution but works best as part of a comprehensive weight management plan
Within the CNS, GLP-1R is found in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
An oral approach designed to support hair density, thickness, strength, and follicle health through targeted biological signaling
