Symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency include fatigue, lacking energy, loss of appetite, headache, mouth ulcers, changes in vision, feelings of depression, and hindered mental capabilities
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The ventral tegmental area provides dopaminergic input to the nucleus accumbens to encode the rewarding properties of food 5
Children presenting neurological signs or symptoms, those unable to take oral medication, individuals with known malabsorption syndromes, infants under 6 months old, and patients using medications that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption are typically treated with a parenteral protocol (1)
For people with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide has demonstrated superior A1C reduction compared to GLP-1-only medications