Pathway enrichment analysis of these differentially prevalent metabolites revealed significant perturbations in metabolic networks including branched-chain aminoacids degradation, glutathione metabolism, threonine and 2-oxobutanoate degradation, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, and glycine and serine metabolism (Figure S5)
The reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improvement in intestinal barrier integrity, and potential modulation of gut microbiota composition represent mechanisms that could theoretically complement existing IBD therapies
Even the maximum 15mg dose requires only 37.5 units, which is barely a third of a full 1 ml syringe
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In addition, one must gain FDA approval by clinically demonstrating that the delivery of the microbe-encapsulated GLP-1 through this oral route leaves the drug molecule itself unchanged (with no post-translational modifications), that it has a similar pharmacokinetic profile to the reference molecule, and that it shows no adverse effects