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PMID 12384496
Preclinical studies have found that berberine increases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra, at the same time, berberine also increases striatum dopamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid levels (Shin et al., 2013)
As a prototype antioxidant, it has been involved in cell protection from the noxious effect of excess oxidant stress, both directly and as a cofactor of glutathione peroxidases
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A deficiency can manifest gradually through chronic exhaustion, persistent fatigue, and noticeably slower recovery after physical or mental exertion [8]
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