Injectable forms bypass the gastrointestinal tract, making them particularly valuable for individuals with malabsorption conditions such as pernicious anaemia, Crohn's disease, or following gastric surgery
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Subcutaneous shots put B12 under the skin, in fatty tissue
separate them by time of day or by minutes if layering
Ideally incorporate rigorous baseline and follow-up assessments: DEXA, body composition, visceral fat, renal function, endocrine panels, inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-, SASP markers if available)